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Machine translation under review

Trails

From control to the autonomous system

The trail begins with the simplest situation, in which one system influences another. Step by step it arrives at an object that directs itself and defends this ability, that is, at the autonomous system with its six organs. Mazur later bases his theory of the psyche and of character on this concept.

1/14 Step 1 of 14

1. control

Why this step: The starting point of the whole theory: before asking who directs what, we have to name the very phenomenon of one system influencing another.

Control is a behaviour of a system leading to definite changes in another system.

Machine translation, under review (draft)

Original:

Sterowanie jest to zachowanie systemu prowadzące do określonych zmian w innym systemie.

— Marian Mazur, Cybernetyka i charakter, PIW, 1976, p. 107

Definition taken from a sentence of the text, not from a numbered definition.

Source sentence containing the definition (translation; Polish original below), p. 107:

In order to facilitate the terminology concerning such behaviour of the system under consideration, we shall introduce the following terminological convention: Control is a behaviour of a system leading to definite changes in another system.

Machine translation, under review (draft)

Original:

W celu udogodnienia terminologii dotyczącej takiego zachowania systemu rozpatrywanego wprowadzimy następującą konwencję terminologiczną: Sterowanie jest to zachowanie systemu prowadzące do określonych zmian w innym systemie.

Full dictionary entry

2/14 Step 2 of 14

2. controlling system

Why this step: From the general phenomenon we single out the active side, from which the changes originate.

a controlling system is a system whose action leads to definite changes in another system

Machine translation, under review (draft)

Original:

[…] system sterujący jest to system, którego działanie prowadzi do określonych zmian w innym systemie […]

— Marian Mazur, Cybernetyka i charakter, PIW, 1976, p. 112

Definition taken from a sentence of the text, not from a numbered definition.

Source sentence containing the definition (translation; Polish original below), p. 112:

On the basis of the definition of control, the following derived definitions can be formulated: — a controlling system is a system whose action leads to definite changes in another system, […]

Machine translation, under review (draft)

Original:

Na podstawie definicji sterowania można sformułować następujące definicje pochodne: — system sterujący jest to system, którego działanie prowadzi do określonych zmian w innym systemie, […] […]

Full dictionary entry

3/14 Step 3 of 14

3. controlled system

Why this step: The other side of the same relation is the system in which the changes take place; only the two roles together give the full picture.

a controlled system is a system in which the action of another system leads to definite changes

Machine translation, under review (draft)

Original:

[…] system sterowany jest to system, w którym do określonych zmian prowadzi działanie innego systemu […]

— Marian Mazur, Cybernetyka i charakter, PIW, 1976, p. 112

Definition taken from a sentence of the text, not from a numbered definition.

Source sentence containing the definition (translation; Polish original below), p. 112:

On the basis of the definition of control, the following derived definitions can be formulated: […] — a controlled system is a system in which the action of another system leads to definite changes, […]

Machine translation, under review (draft)

Original:

Na podstawie definicji sterowania można sformułować następujące definicje pochodne: […] — system sterowany jest to system, w którym do określonych zmian prowadzi działanie innego systemu, […] […]

Full dictionary entry

4/14 Step 4 of 14

4. control path

Why this step: Influence is not transmitted without an intermediary, so a path is needed, and the definition allows movement along it in both directions, which will soon prove crucial.

a control path is a system through which the controlling system acts upon the controlled system, or through which the controlled system acts upon the controlling system

Machine translation, under review (draft)

Original:

[…] tor sterowniczy jest to system, za którego pośrednictwem system sterujący oddziałuje na system sterowany, bądź za którego pośrednictwem system sterowany oddziałuje na system sterujący […]

— Marian Mazur, Cybernetyka i charakter, PIW, 1976, p. 112

Definition taken from a sentence of the text, not from a numbered definition.

Source sentence containing the definition (translation; Polish original below), p. 112:

On the basis of the definition of control, the following derived definitions can be formulated: […] — a control path is a system through which the controlling system acts upon the controlled system, or through which the controlled system acts upon the controlling system. […]

Machine translation, under review (draft)

Original:

Na podstawie definicji sterowania można sformułować następujące definicje pochodne: […] — tor sterowniczy jest to system, za którego pośrednictwem system sterujący oddziałuje na system sterowany, bądź za którego pośrednictwem system sterowany oddziałuje na system sterujący. […] […]

Full dictionary entry

5/14 Step 5 of 14

5. control loop

Why this step: When the path runs there and back, a closed loop is formed; this is where feedback enters the theory.

a control loop is a feedback loop formed of a controlling system, a controlled system and control paths

Machine translation, under review (draft)

Original:

[…] obwód sterowniczy jest to obwód sprzężenia zwrotnego utworzony z systemu sterującego, systemu sterowanego i torów sterowniczych […]

— Marian Mazur, Cybernetyka i charakter, PIW, 1976, p. 112

Definition taken from a sentence of the text, not from a numbered definition.

Source sentence containing the definition (translation; Polish original below), p. 112:

On the basis of the definition of control, the following derived definitions can be formulated: […] — a control loop is a feedback loop formed of a controlling system, a controlled system and control paths.

Machine translation, under review (draft)

Original:

Na podstawie definicji sterowania można sformułować następujące definicje pochodne: […] — obwód sterowniczy jest to obwód sprzężenia zwrotnego utworzony z systemu sterującego, systemu sterowanego i torów sterowniczych. […]

Full dictionary entry

6/14 Step 6 of 14

6. receptor

Why this step: The 1966 book already names the organs at the ends of the path; the one at the beginning receives the stimulus.

The organ in which the initial stimulus occurs is called a receptor

Machine translation, under review (draft)

Original:

Organ, w którym występuje bodziec początkowy, nosi nazwę receptora […]

— Marian Mazur, Cybernetyczna teoria układów samodzielnych, PWN, 1966, p. 45

Definition taken from a sentence of the text, not from a numbered definition.

Source sentence containing the definition (translation; Polish original below), p. 45:

The organ in which the initial stimulus occurs is called a receptor, and the organ in which the final reaction occurs is called an effector.

Machine translation, under review (draft)

Original:

Organ, w którym występuje bodziec początkowy, nosi nazwę receptora, a organ, w którym występuje końcowa reakcja, nosi nazwę efektora.

Full dictionary entry

7/14 Step 7 of 14

7. effector

Why this step: At the opposite end stands the organ in which the reaction ends, so together the two mark the input and the output.

and the organ in which the final reaction occurs is called an effector.

Machine translation, under review (draft)

Original:

[…] a organ, w którym występuje końcowa reakcja, nosi nazwę efektora.

— Marian Mazur, Cybernetyczna teoria układów samodzielnych, PWN, 1966, p. 45

Definition taken from a sentence of the text, not from a numbered definition.

Source sentence containing the definition (translation; Polish original below), p. 45:

The organ in which the initial stimulus occurs is called a receptor, and the organ in which the final reaction occurs is called an effector.

Machine translation, under review (draft)

Original:

Organ, w którym występuje bodziec początkowy, nosi nazwę receptora, a organ, w którym występuje końcowa reakcja, nosi nazwę efektora.

Full dictionary entry

8/14 Step 8 of 14

8. autonomous system

Why this step: This marks a conceptual leap: an object that is not merely controlled at times but directs itself and defends this ability; the following steps introduce its organs.

An autonomous system is a system having:

Machine translation, under review (draft)

Original:

System autonomiczny jest to system mający: […]

— Marian Mazur, Cybernetyka i charakter, PIW, 1976, p. 163

Definition taken from a sentence of the text, not from a numbered definition.

Source sentence containing the definition (translation; Polish original below), p. 163:

It is to be a system capable of lasting as long as possible in the environment, which in cybernetic terminology can be defined as follows: An autonomous system is a system having: — control capability and — the capability of counteracting the loss of control capability.

Machine translation, under review (draft)

Original:

Ma to być system zdolny do możliwie długiego trwania w otoczeniu, co w terminologii cybernetycznej może być zdefiniowane następująco System autonomiczny jest to system mający: — zdolność sterowania oraz — zdolność przeciwdziałania utracie zdolności sterowania.

Full dictionary entry

9/14 Step 9 of 14

9. receptors

Why this step: The first organ provides an input for information from the environment: the same receptor as before, but now as part of a whole.

receptors, i.e. organs for taking in information from the environment, and

Machine translation, under review (draft)

Original:

[…] receptory, czyli organy do pobierania informacji z otoczenia, oraz […]

— Marian Mazur, Cybernetyka i charakter, PIW, 1976, p. 163

Definition taken from a sentence of the text, not from a numbered definition.

Source sentence containing the definition (translation; Polish original below), p. 163:

Information determining which of the possible actions are to take place should flow to the effectors, and for this an information path is needed, containing: — receptors, i.e. organs for taking in information from the environment, and — correlator, i.e. an organ for processing and storing information.

Machine translation, under review (draft)

Original:

Do efektorów powinny dopływać informacje określające, które z możliwych oddziaływań mają nastąpić, do tego zaś potrzebny jest tor informacyjny zawierający: — receptory, czyli organy do pobierania informacji z otoczenia, oraz — korelator, czyli organ do przetwarzania i przechowywania informacji.

Full dictionary entry

10/14 Step 10 of 14

10. effectors

Why this step: Symmetrically, an output is needed, that is, the organs through which the system acts on its environment.

effectors, i.e. organs for acting upon the environment

Machine translation, under review (draft)

Original:

[…] efektory, czyli organy do oddziaływania na otoczenie […]

— Marian Mazur, Cybernetyka i charakter, PIW, 1976, p. 163

Definition taken from a sentence of the text, not from a numbered definition.

Source sentence containing the definition (translation; Polish original below), p. 163:

Therefore the autonomous system must contain, as subsystems, appropriate organs, and above all: — effectors, i.e. organs for acting upon the environment.

Machine translation, under review (draft)

Original:

Wobec tego system autonomiczny musi zawierać, jako podsystemy, odpowiednie organy, a przede wszystkim: — efektory, czyli organy do oddziaływania na otoczenie.

Full dictionary entry

11/14 Step 11 of 14

11. correlator

Why this step: Between input and output something has to process and store the information; the whole theory of the psyche will later grow out of this organ.

correlator, i.e. an organ for processing and storing information

Machine translation, under review (draft)

Original:

[…] korelator, czyli organ do przetwarzania i przechowywania informacji […]

— Marian Mazur, Cybernetyka i charakter, PIW, 1976, p. 163

Definition taken from a sentence of the text, not from a numbered definition.

Source sentence containing the definition (translation; Polish original below), p. 163:

Information determining which of the possible actions are to take place should flow to the effectors, and for this an information path is needed, containing: — receptors, i.e. organs for taking in information from the environment, and — correlator, i.e. an organ for processing and storing information.

Machine translation, under review (draft)

Original:

Do efektorów powinny dopływać informacje określające, które z możliwych oddziaływań mają nastąpić, do tego zaś potrzebny jest tor informacyjny zawierający: — receptory, czyli organy do pobierania informacji z otoczenia, oraz — korelator, czyli organ do przetwarzania i przechowywania informacji.

Full dictionary entry

12/14 Step 12 of 14

12. alimentators

Why this step: Self-direction costs energy, so the system also needs organs through which it obtains that energy.

alimentators, i.e. organs for taking in energy from the environment, and

Machine translation, under review (draft)

Original:

[…] alimentatory, czyli organy do pobierania energii z otoczenia, oraz […]

— Marian Mazur, Cybernetyka i charakter, PIW, 1976, p. 163

Definition taken from a sentence of the text, not from a numbered definition.

Source sentence containing the definition (translation; Polish original below), pp. 163–164:

Energy enabling the performance of the work necessary in actions should also flow to the effectors, and for this an energy path is needed, containing: — alimentators, i.e. organs for taking in energy from the environment, and — accumulator, i.e. an organ for processing and storing energy.

Machine translation, under review (draft)

Original:

Do efektorów powinna również dopływać energia umożliwiająca wykonywanie pracy niezbędnej w oddziaływaniach, do tego zaś potrzebny jest tor energetyczny zawierający: — alimentatory, czyli organy do pobierania energii z otoczenia, oraz — akumulator, czyli organ do przetwarzania i przechowywania energii.

Full dictionary entry

13/14 Step 13 of 14

13. accumulator

Why this step: The energy obtained is not used up at once: the organ that processes and stores it makes it possible to build up a reserve.

accumulator, i.e. an organ for processing and storing energy

Machine translation, under review (draft)

Original:

[…] akumulator, czyli organ do przetwarzania i przechowywania energii […]

— Marian Mazur, Cybernetyka i charakter, PIW, 1976, p. 164

Definition taken from a sentence of the text, not from a numbered definition.

Source sentence containing the definition (translation; Polish original below), pp. 163–164:

Energy enabling the performance of the work necessary in actions should also flow to the effectors, and for this an energy path is needed, containing: — alimentators, i.e. organs for taking in energy from the environment, and — accumulator, i.e. an organ for processing and storing energy.

Machine translation, under review (draft)

Original:

Do efektorów powinna również dopływać energia umożliwiająca wykonywanie pracy niezbędnej w oddziaływaniach, do tego zaś potrzebny jest tor energetyczny zawierający: — alimentatory, czyli organy do pobierania energii z otoczenia, oraz — akumulator, czyli organ do przetwarzania i przechowywania energii.

Full dictionary entry

14/14 Step 14 of 14

14. homeostat

Why this step: The last organ holds the whole together, because it sees to it that the system does not lose its influence on the environment; the trail on homeostasis starts from it.

homeostat, i.e. an organ for counteracting flows of information and energy that reduce the system's capacity to act upon the environment

Machine translation, under review (draft)

Original:

[…] homeostat, czyli organ do przeciwdziałania przepływom informacji i energii zmniejszających możność oddziaływania systemu na otoczenie […]

— Marian Mazur, Cybernetyka i charakter, PIW, 1976, p. 164

Definition taken from a sentence of the text, not from a numbered definition.

Source sentence containing the definition (translation; Polish original below), p. 164:

And finally the autonomous system must contain: — homeostat, i.e. an organ for counteracting flows of information and energy that reduce the system's capacity to act upon the environment.

Machine translation, under review (draft)

Original:

I wreszcie system autonomiczny musi zawierać: — homeostat, czyli organ do przeciwdziałania przepływom informacji i energii zmniejszających możność oddziaływania systemu na otoczenie.

Full dictionary entry